Jump to content

Changdeokgung

Coordinates: 37°34′46″N 126°59′34″E / 37.57944°N 126.99278°E / 37.57944; 126.99278
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Changdeokgung
Overview of the palace (2012)
Map
General information
LocationSeoul, South Korea
Coordinates37°34′46″N 126°59′34″E / 37.57944°N 126.99278°E / 37.57944; 126.99278
Designations
Official nameChangdeokgung Palace Complex
CriteriaCultural: (ii), (iii), (iv)
Designated1997
Reference no.816
Area57.9 ha (0.224 sq mi)
Official nameChangdeokgung Palace Complex
Designated1963-01-18
Reference no.122
Website
eng.cdg.go.kr/main/main.htm
Korean name
Hangul
창덕궁
Hanja
昌德宮
Revised RomanizationChangdeokgung
McCune–ReischauerCh'angdŏkkung

Changdeokgung (Korean: 창덕궁; Hanja: 昌德宮), also known as Changdeokgung Palace or Changdeok Palace, is set within a large park in Jongno District, Seoul, South Korea. It is one of the "Five Grand Palaces" built by the kings of the Joseon dynasty (1392–1897).[1]

Changdeokgung was the most favored palace of many Joseon kings and retained many elements dating from the Three Kingdoms of Korea period that were not incorporated in the more contemporary Gyeongbokgung. One such element is the fact that the buildings of Changdeokgung blend with the natural topography of the site instead of imposing themselves upon it. Like the other Five Grand Palaces in Seoul, it was heavily damaged during the Japanese occupation of Korea (1910–1945). Currently, only about 30% of the pre-Japanese structures of the East Palace Complex (Changdeokgung together with Changgyeonggung) survive.[2]

Name

[edit]

"Changdeokgung" means "Palace of Prospering Virtue".[3]

Changdeokgung and its neighboring palace Changgyeonggung are together known as the "Eastern Palaces" (동궐; 東闕), as they are located to the east of the city's main palace Gyeongbokgung.[4][5]

History

[edit]
See also: Changgyeonggung § History

Establishment

[edit]
See also: History of Seoul and Gyeongbokgung § Establishment

In 1392 (Korean calendar), Joseon was established. Afterwards, the state's capital Hanyang (also called Hanseong and later called Seoul) was established and Gyeongbokgung was made its main palace (법궁; 法宮; pŏpkung). Due to political turmoil, the capital was temporarily moved to Kaesong and then back to Hanyang in 1404.[6][7] King Taejong (r. 1400–1418) then ordered the establishment of Changdeokgung as a secondary palace (이궁; 離宮; igung). His possible motivations for this order have been analyzed. A number of scholars have argued Taejong wanted to avoid Gyeongbokgung because he associated it with unpleasant memories of familial deaths there[7][8] and thought it had inauspicious feng shui qualities.[7] Some scholars have also argued that he wanted a secondary palace to be freer from the political influences of government offices and politicians in and around Gyeongbokgung.[9]

A temporary office[a] was established to manage the creation of the palace. Changdeokgung's location was finalized on the 6th day, 10th month of 1404, and construction began that day. Under the supervision of Yi Chik [ko], numerous artisans, soldiers, monks, and commoners worked on the construction.[10] The first phase of construction was completed on the 19th day, 10th month of 1405.[11] Taejong entered the palace on the 20th day of that month and held a celebration banquet there. At the time, there were only several complete buildings in the palace, including the royal bedchambers and bathhouse. There was likely not much space for government offices in the palace for government offices at the time; offices in and around Gyeongbokgung were repaired and officials likely went back and forth between those and Changdeokgung. Meanwhile, construction continued. In 1406, the shrine Insojeon (인소전; 仁昭殿; Insojŏn) and a Buddhist shrine were completed in the rear garden area, along with the pavilion Gwangyeollu (광연루; 廣延樓; Kwangyŏllu); in 1408, a pond was dug; and in 1411, a pavilion[b] was completed.[12]

Before the Imjin War

[edit]

For the rest of his reign, Taejong primarily resided in Changdeokgung.[4] Gyeongbokgung's restoration was ordered only after Taejong had moved into Changdeokgung.[8] Even after his abdication, he resided in the palace Suganggung (수강궁; 壽康宮; later became Changgyeonggung) next to Changdeokgung; from there he influenced the reign of his son Sejong the Great (r. 1418–1450).[10] Even after Taejong's abdication, construction continued. Part of a building collapsed and the supervisor of that building's construction was exiled as punishment. By 1418, facilities were deemed adequate enough to hold more significant ceremonies at Changdeokgung instead of at Gyeongbokgung.[9] From the third year of Sejong's reign, Sejong began putting more emphasis on Gyeongbokgung and moved frequently between the two palaces.[13][6] In 1426, he ordered that many structures in Changdeokgung be named.[13] In 1427, he entirely moved out of Changdeokgung and resided primarily in Gyeongbokgung, although he continued moving between the two frequently.[13][6] King Sejo (r. 1455–1468) significantly expanded Changdeokgung to the north and east. For one such project, 19,000 people from the Hanyang region were assembled. King Seongjo (r. 1469–1495) also expanded the palace and resided in Changdeokgung for the entirety of his reign. In 1475, he had all 29 of the palace's gates named and held a ceremony for the installation of their name plaques.[14] King Yeonsangun (r. 1495–1506) also greatly renovated the palace, although renovations were put to a halt when he was deposed.[15]

Destruction and reconstruction

[edit]

In 1592, during the 1592–1598 Imjin War, all the city's palaces were completely burned down. It is debated who burned down the palaces, as surviving contemporary records are from intellectuals who did not witness the burnings. Various contemporary Korean texts, including the Veritable Records of Seonjo [ko], report hearsay that it was Korean commoners who burned down the palace to destroy palace records. When the Japanese invaders entered the city on the 2nd day, 5th month of that year, Gyeongbokgung was still in tact. Japanese discipline in the city was reportedly initially high, but when they began suffering defeats, they took their frustrations out on the city and locals, burning buildings and killing.[16][17]

After the war, efforts began to repair the city's palaces. Initially, plans were drawn up to have Gyeongbokgung repaired, but these were not acted upon. There is a record of arguments against Gyeongbokgung's reconstruction because of perceived inauspicious qualities of that palace. In addition, Joseon's economy had been devastated by the war, and funding for repairing Gyeongbokgung was likely difficult to procure. Changdeokgung was restored instead; a number of buildings were recreated in their original locations.[18] The first round of restorations was completed in 1610.[4]

In 1623, during the Injo coup [ko] that installed King Injo (r. 1623–1649), rebels burned down almost all the buildings in the palace. Only Injeongjeon, two buildings for the Owi [ko], a palace pharmacy,[c] a building for the government office Ch'unch'ugwan, a building called Biseunggak,[d] a building for the government office Hongmun'gwan, and a building called Sujeongjeon[e] were spared.[18] Injo was crowned at Gyeongbokgung, and resided at Changgyeonggung. In 1624, during Yi Kwal's Rebellion, Changgyeonggung was mostly burned down.[19] In 1633, Injo ordered that buildings in Changdeokgung be repaired. He then began to temporarily reside in the palace pharmacy. Construction work on palaces was interrupted and delayed by the 1636 Qing invasion of Joseon. Minor construction projects occurred in the meantime, especially in the rear garden. Significant construction resumed in 1647 and concluded after five months in 1648; the rapid pace of reconstruction was in part due to the demolition and recycling of buildings in another palace Ingyeonggung [ko]. In total there were around 735 rooms (칸; kan; k'an) in the palace around this time. One significant change after the reconstruction was the presence of more government office buildings. This was in part because the government offices in Gyeongbokgung had not been restored.[20]

This painting, Donggwoldo, depicts Changdeokgung (left) and Changgyeonggung (right) in c. 1824 – c. 1830[21]

After this reconstruction and without rivalry from Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung firmly became the main palace of Joseon. More buildings continued to be constructed in the palace. There was a fire in the palace in 1671.[22] Under the reign of King Sukjong (r. 1674–1720), the form of the rear garden began to near its greatest extent.[23] In 1687, a fire destroyed almost all of the Mansujeon area. In 1702, a fire destroyed part of the East Palace.[24] Succeeding kings continued to expand and renovate the palace, although King Yeongjo (r. 1724–1776) ordered much fewer repairs as he primarily resided in Gyeonghuigung.[23] There was a major fire in the 10th month of 1833, during the reign of King Sunjo (r. 1800–1834).[24] By the 19th century, Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung were functionally a single palace. The two had some unique government officies, although they had some facilities with overlapping purposes.[25]

Late Joseon and Korean Empire periods

[edit]
A map[f] of Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung (c. 1908)

In 1865, efforts began to restore Gyeongbokgung.[26] King Gojong (r. 1864–1907) and his family moved out of Changdeokgung and into Gyeongbokgung on the 2nd day, 7th month of 1868.[27] Although Gyeongbokgung was officially made Joseon's main palace, Changdeokgung continued to see some use. Gyeongbokgung experienced major fires in 1873 and 1876. After the 1876 fire, the royal family moved back into Changdeokgung and did not return to Gyeongbokgung until 1885.[25][28] Meanwhile, more maintenance work occurred at Changdeokgung. Such work was interrupted in by the 1882 Imo Incident.[29] In 1891, a number of Changdeokgung's buildings were disassembled and moved to Gyeongbokgung.[25]

Amidst increasing Japanese influence over Korea and the 1895 assassination of Empress Myeongseong at Gyeongbokgung, Gojong fled Gyeongbokgung and made Gyeongungung (later renamed Deoksugung) his official palace. From there, he established the Korean Empire and crowned himself emperor.[30] In 1907, Gojong was forcefully deposed by Japan and replaced by his son Emperor Sunjong (r. 1907–1910), whom ascended the throne at Changdeokgung.[29] Thereafter, Sunjong used Changdeokgung as his primary residence, while Gojong continued to stay in Deoksugung. Historian Lee Gyu-cheol argued that Japan moved Sunjong to Changdeokgung in order to separate him from his father.[31]

Post-liberation

[edit]

Parts of the palace (notably Nakseon-jae hall) continued to function as a royal residence up to 1989, when both Princess Deokhye and Crown Princess Bangja died. Other post-WWII residents included Empress Sunjeong (Sunjong's second wife), Crown Prince Yi Un, his son Yi Gu and Yi Gu's wife Julia Mullock. Residence for former royals in the palace in the post-war period was at the whim of the South Korean presidents, and after the Korean liberation in 1945 it would take the resignation of Rhee Syngman for former imperial family members to be allowed back in.

Changdeokgung was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1997. The UNESCO committee stated the place was an "outstanding example of Far Eastern palace architecture and garden design" being exceptional because the buildings are "integrated into and harmonized with the natural setting" and adapted "to the topography and retaining indigenous tree cover."[32]

Today there are 13 buildings remaining on the palace grounds and 28 pavilions in the gardens, occupying 110 acres (45 hectares) in all and the area is designated as Historical Site No. 122.

Landmarks

[edit]

Outer gates

[edit]
Photo Structure
Donhwamun [ko] (돈화문; 敦化門; Tonhwamun)

The main and south gate of the palace. It is a designated Treasure of South Korea and the oldest extant gate of all Joseon palaces.[33] It is named after a phrase "大德敦化" from the Chinese text Doctrine of the Mean. That phrase has been interpreted in this context as "to govern with a warm heart and edify with virtue".[34] It was originally completed in the fifth month of 1412. In 1413, a bill was hung at the gate.[10] It was reconstructed in 1608.[35] There is a wŏldae in front of the gate. The wŏldae was demolished in the early 1900s to accomodate the entry of royal vehicles. It was later reconstructed.[33] The gate has a second floor that contains a bell and drum used to signal emergencies. The head of a rebel leader was hung at the gate in 1728.[34]

Geumhomun [ko] (금호문; 金虎門; Kŭmhomun; lit. Metal Tiger Gate)

The west gate of the palace. It is so named because of Chinese tradition where metal corresponds to west and the White Tiger is the guardian of the west.[36]

Yogeummun (요금문; 曜金門; Yogŭmmun)
Danbongmun (단봉문; 丹鳳門; Tanbongmun)

A small gate on the south side of the palace. It was used mainly by kungnyŏ (court ladies) and the extended royal family.[37]

Gyeongchumun (경추문; 景秋門; Kyŏngch'umun)

Oejo

[edit]

Oejo (외조; 外朝; Oejo) refers to a part of a palace where the king conducts state affairs.[38]

Oejeon

[edit]

Oejeon (외전; 外殿; Oejŏn) refers to a part of a palace where the king resides.[39]

Photo Structure
Jinseonmun (진선문; 進善門; Chinsŏnmun)

It was demolished in 1908.[29]

Sukjangmun (숙장문; 肅章門; Sukchangmun)
Injeongmun [ko] (인정문; 仁政門; Injŏngmun)
Injeongjeon [ko] (인정전; 仁政殿; Injŏngjŏn; lit. Hall of Benevolent Governance[40])

The throne hall of the palace.[41] It was destroyed by fire in 1403 and rebuilt the following year. One of its buildings burned down in 1411, which destroyed many Goryeo-era documents.[24] It was reconstructed in 1418.[9] It was destroyed during the 1592–1598 Imijn War and spared during the 1623 Injo coup.[19] It was rebuilt in 1804. It was renovated between 1854 and 1857.[25] It was renovated in 1908.[29] It is a single story, two-tiered structure with a large open ceiling.[40] It stands on a wŏldae. Major state events were held at this building and its front courtyard, such as enthronement ceremonies.[42] It is designed to accept energy from Korea's mountains and watersheds. On its roof exterior are five Imperial Seals of Korea that were possibly added by Emperor Sunjong.[43]

Seonjeongmun (선정문; 宣政門; Sŏnjŏngmun)
Seonjeongjeon [ko] (선정전; 宣政殿; Sŏnjŏngjŏn; lit. Spreading Governance Hall[44])

A hall where the king received council and conducted politics. Spirit tablets were also possibly stored here.[45] One of the oldest extant buildings in the palace. It was built in 1647 using materials recycled from a building called Gwangjeongjeon in Ingyeonggung.[46] It is the only remaining Joseon palace building with blue roof tiles, which were then considered luxurious and difficult to make.[47]

Government offices

[edit]

The palace government offices are called kwŏllaegaksa [ko] (궐내각사; 闕內各司; gweollaegaksa). Changdeokgung's facilities were relatively small and meant for daily work with the king; most large government ministry facilities were located outside the palace, for example on Yukcho Street [ko].[48]

Photo Structure
Imunwon [ko] (이문원; 摛文院; Imunwŏn)
Geomseocheong (검서청; 檢書廳; Kŏmsŏch'ŏng)
Bongmodang (봉모당; 奉謨堂; Pongmodang)

A hall used an archive for the possessions of previous monarchs.[49]

Book storage (책고; 冊庫; chaekgo; ch'aekko)
Yemungwan (예문관; 藝文館; Yemun'gwan)
Hongmungwan (홍문관; 弘文館; Hongmun'gwan)

Also called Okdang (옥당; 玉堂; lit. Jade Hall). Used by the government office Hongmun'gwan, which maintained palace records and advised the king.[50]

Naeuiwon (내의원; 內醫院; Naeŭiwŏn)
Eokseongnu (억석루; 憶昔樓; Ŏksŏngnu)

A two-story building likely used by the Naeŭiwŏn (palace pharmacy).[51]

Naejo

[edit]

Naejo (내조; 內朝) refers to a part of a palace where the king conducts state affairs.[52]

Naejeon

[edit]

Naejeon (내전; 內殿; Naejŏn) refers to a part of a palace where a king or queen resided.[53]

Photo Structure
Huijeongdang [ko] (희정당; 熙政堂; Hŭijŏngdang; lit. Peaceful Governance Hall[54])

It was originally built as a bed chamber for the king. It was used as a council hall during Sunjong's reign.[54] It burned down in the 10th month of 1833 and was repaired by the 9th month of 1834.[24]

Daejojeon [ko] (대조전; 大造殿; Taejojŏn; lit. Achieving Greatness Hall[55])

A hall used as the living quarters and office of the queen.[56] It burned down in the 10th month of 1833 and was repaired by the 9th month of 1834.[24] It has an attached hall, Heungbokheon (흥복헌; 興福軒; Hŭngbokhŏn). That hall was where the final cabinet meeting was held before Korea's 1910 annexation.[57] Near the hall is a small palace kitchen (수라간; 水剌間; suragan) that was constructed during Sunjong's reign. It has modern Western facilities, like a sink and oven.[58]

Gyeonghungak (경훈각; 景薰閣; Kyŏnghun'gak; lit. Heartwarming Scenery Hall[59])

An annex building to the rear of Daejojeon used for leisure. It was destroyed by the 1917 fire. Gyeongbokgung's Mangyeongjeon was dismantled and recycled to rebuild the hall as a single-story building.[60] It has a rear garden decorated with flower motifs.[61]

East Palace

[edit]

The East Palace (동궁; 東宮; Donggung; Tonggung) is a portion of the palace used by the crown prince. Its facilities are shared by both Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung. Many of the buildings in this area no longer exist.[62]

Photo Structure
Seongjeonggak (성정각; 誠正閣; Sŏngjŏnggak)

The hall was used for the education of the king and crown prince.[63][64] It is named for a phrase from the Chinese text Great Learning, which encourages that leaders cultivate their own character and education before ruling.[63]

Gwanmulheon (관물헌; 觀物軒; Kwanmurhŏn; lit. Observing Matters Hall[65])

A study hall for the education of the king and crown prince. It is the birthplace of Emperor Sunjong. It was the stronghold of the Enlightment Party during the 1884 Kapsin Coup.[65]

Junghuidang [ko] (중희당; 重熙堂; Chunghŭidang; lit. Continuously Shining Hall[66])

The main hall is no longer extant. It was the crown prince's residence. It was originally built in 1782, likely for Crown Prince Munhyo.[64][67] After Munhyo's premature death, it was used as a council hall.[68][67] A number of related buildings still stand, including the crown prince's library Seunghwaru (승화루; 承華樓; Sŭnghwaru) and the gazebo Samsamwa (삼삼와; 三三窩).[67]

Secret Garden

[edit]

The Rear Garden (후원; 後苑; Huwon; Huwŏn), popularly known as the Secret Garden (비원; 秘院; Biwon; Piwŏn),[g] is located to the rear of the palace. It was a private garden for the monarchy. Prior to the 20th century, entrance into the garden was prohibited for most people.[70] It is adjacent to and shared by both Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung, and is currently accessible from both palaces.[71] The garden was used for leisure, hunting, parties, practicing martial arts, and ritual sacrifices.[72] It has over 160 species of trees. Over 70 trees in this area are over 300 years old.[73]

Buyongjeong area

[edit]
Photo Structure
Buyongjeong [ko] (부용정; 芙蓉亭; Puyongjŏng; lit. Lotus Flower Pavilion[74][75])

A pavilion on the south side of an artificial pond named Buyongji (부용지; 芙蓉池; Puyongji).[74][76] The pond was dug in 1707. Originally, a building called Taeksujae (택수재; 澤水齋; T'aeksujae) was located next to the pond. That building was torn down and replaced. It was renamed Buyongjeong in 1776.[74]

Yeonghwadang (영화당; 暎花堂; Yŏnghwadang)

A pavilion to the east of Juhamnu.[77]

Juhamnu [ko] (주합루; 宙合樓; Chuhamnu; lit. Place Open to the Universe[78])

A two-story building. It was built in 1776.[78] The Kyujanggak archive was located on the first floor of the building.[79]

Seohyanggak (서향각; 書香閣; Sŏhyanggak)

Building used for various purposes over time. It was used to air out books for Kyujanggak, to store royal portraits, and to raise silkworms. The building and palace's connection to silkworms can be seen through the numerous mulberry trees around the palace, the leaves of which can be used to feed silkworms.[80]

Huiujeong (희우정; 喜雨亭; Hŭiujŏng)

A small pavilion. It was first built in the 17th century as a thatched roof building named Chwihyangjeong (취향정; 醉香亭; Ch'wihyangjŏng[81]). It received its current name in 1690.[82]

Cheonseokjeong (천석정; 千石亭; Ch'ŏnsŏkchŏng)

A small building.[83]

Yeongyeongdang area

[edit]
Photo Structure
Yeongyeongdang [ko] (연경당; 演慶堂; Yŏn'gyŏngdang; lit. Extending Congratulations Hall[84])

A sarangchae[85] used for ceremonies and events. It was built in 1828.[84] It does not have dancheong (traditional elaborate paintwork), and more closely resembles a nobleman's residence. This was intentional; while residing here, King Sunjo dressed like a regular nobleman and lived more simply. King Gojong sought refuge here during the 1884 Kapsin Coup, and Emperor Sunjong temporarily resided here after the 1917 fire.[86] "Yeongyeongdang" can also refer to the larger complex, which also includes an anchae with various facilities like kitchens.[87]

Seonhyangjae (선향재; 善香齋; Sŏnhyangjae; lit. Good Fragrance [From Books] Hall[87])

A study building used to receive guests.[88]

Nongsujeong (농수정; 濃繡亭; Nongsujŏng; lit. Embroidered with Colors Pavilion[88])

A small pavilion.[89]

Ongnyucheon area

[edit]

The stream Ongnyucheon [ko] (옥류천; 玉流川; lit. Jade Stream) flows through this area of the Secret Garden. This area was closed for access beginning in 1979, in order to protect the ecology of the area. It was reopened to the public on May 1, 2004 on a reservation only basis.[90] The pavilions Soyojeong, Taegeukjeong, and Cheonguijeong are collectively called the "Three Pavilions of the Royal Grove" (상림삼정; 上林三亭[91]) and have been described as scenic.[92]

Photo Structure
Soyojeong (소요정; 逍遙亭; Soyojŏng; lit. Living Without Worldly Cares Pavilion[93])

A small pavilion used for leisure. A large rock in front of the pavilion has calligraphy by King Injo and a poem by King Sukjong. Injo and his subjects held wine drinking parties here, where cups of wine would be floated down the nearby stream.[94]

Cheonguijeong (청의정; 淸漪亭; Ch'ŏngŭijŏng; lit. Clear Ripples Pavilion[95])

The only thatched-roof pavilion in the palace. In accordance with Taoist ideals of heaven being round and the earth square, its roof is round and floor square. In recent years, the agricultural ritual Ch'in'gyŏngnye (친경례; 親耕禮) has been reenacted here. The ritual involves the king participating in agriculture and a banquet in order to appease the agricultural deity Hou Ji.[96]

Taegeukjeong (태극정; 太極亭; T'aegŭkchŏng)

A small pavilion. It is named for the symbol taegeuk, which is also engraved in a nearby cistern.[97]

Chwigyujeong (취규정; 聚奎亭; Ch'wigyujŏng)
Chwihanjeong (취한정; 翠寒亭; Ch'wihanjŏng; lit. Blue Cold Pavilion[98])

Resting place for kings near Ongnyucheon. Its name comes from the phrase "蒼翠凌寒", meaning "blue pines despise the cold of winter".[98]

Nongsanjeong (농산정; 籠山亭; Nongsanjŏng)

A pavilion. It has a kitchen that was used to prepare food and drink for the king during his visits.[99]

Aeryeonjeong area

[edit]
Photo Structure
Aeryeonjeong (애련정; 愛蓮亭; Aeryŏnjŏng; lit. Love for Lotuses Pavilion[100])

A small pavilion to the north of the pond Aeryeonji (애련지; 愛蓮池; Aeryŏnji[101]). There is a record of a pavilion of this name being constructed on an islet in the pond; it was rebuilt at its current location at some point.[102]

Gioheon (기오헌; 寄傲軒; Kiohŏn)
Uiduhap (의두합; 倚斗閤; Ŭiduhap; lit. Relying on the Big Dipper Gate[103])

A small hall used as a study room.[103]

Ungyeonggeo (운경거; 韻磬居; Un'gyŏnggŏ)

A storage building and annex to Uiduhap.[104]

Gwallamjeong area

[edit]
Photo Structure
Gwallamjeong (관람정; 觀纜亭; Kwallamjŏng)

A small pavilion uniquely shaped like a fan. It was also known as Seonjajeong (선자정; 扇子亭). It has a unique name plaque shaped like a banana leaf. It is located next to the pond Bandoji (반도지; 半島池; Pandoji; lit. Peninsula Pond); that pond is said to resemble the shape of the Korean peninsula.[105]

Pyeomusa (폄우사; 砭愚榭; P'yŏmusa; lit. Vigilance Against Folly Pavilion[106])

A small pavilion near Jondeokjeong. Crown Prince Hyomyeong read books here. Joseon noblemen used to practice walking gracefully here.[106]

Seungjaejeong (승재정; 勝在亭; Sŭngjaejŏng; lit. Outstanding Scenery Pavilion[107])

A small pavilion.[107]

Jondeokjeong (존덕정; 尊德亭; Chondŏkchŏng)

A hexagonal pavilion that is elaborately painted. It was built in 1644 and originally named Yukmyeonjeong (육면정; 六面亭; lit. Six-sided Pavilion). It has a two-tiered roof.[108] It is near the pond Banwolji (반월지; 半月池; Panwŏlji; lit. Half Moon Pond).[109]

Other structures

[edit]
Photo Structure
Gajeongdang (가정당; 嘉靖堂; Kajŏngdang)
Neungheojeong (능허정; 凌虛亭; Nŭnghŏjŏng)
Cheongsimjeong (청심정; 淸心亭; Ch'ŏngsimjŏng)

Nakseonjae area

[edit]
Photo Structure
Nakseonjae [ko] (낙선재; 樂善齋; Naksŏnjae)

A hall used for various purposes over time. It has a relatively austere design, reflecting the Taoist frugality valued by King Heonjong.[110] It was built in 1847, on the former site of the building Nakseondang (낙선당; 樂善堂; Naksŏndang).[111] Princess Euimin resided here from 1963 return to Korea until her death in 1989. Yi Un died here on May 1, 1970.[112]

Seokbokheon (석복헌; 錫福軒; Sŏkpokhŏn; lit. Bestowing Blessings Hall[113])

A residence for palace women.[113] After Emperor Sunjong's death, Empress Sunjeonghyo continued to reside in this complex. She vacated it in 1950, during the Korean War, and only returned to it in 1960. She died in this hall in February 1966.[114]

Sugangjae (수강재; 壽康齋; Sugangjae; lit. Longevity Hall[115])

A residence for royal women.[115] It was built in 1785[116][111] and renovated in 1847.[111] It was the residence of Queen Sunwon.[115][111] Princess Deokhye resided here from her 1962 return to Korea until her 1989 death.[112]

Sangnyangjeong (상량정; 上凉亭; Sangnyangjŏng)

A hexagonal pavilion with an intricately painted ceiling decorated with auspicious symbols.[117]

Hanjeongdang (한정당; 閒靜堂; Hanjŏngdang)

An annex to Seokbokheon. It was likely built during the colonial period. It has glass windows.[118]

Chwiunjeong (취운정; 翠雲亭; Ch'wiunjŏng)

Built in 1686, it is the oldest extant building in the Nakseonjae complex. It has ondol heated floors.[119]

Old Seonwonjeon area

[edit]
Photo Structure
Seonwonjeon (선원전; 璿源殿; Sŏnwŏnjŏn)

A royal ritual portrait hall used for ancestor worship. Portraits of past kings were enshrined here.[120] It was first built in 1704 and dedicated to the Chinese Wanli Emperor, in thanks for China's support during the Imjin War. The spirit tablets of the first and last Ming emperors were enshrined here in 1749.[121] It was expanded in 1900.[29] It was vacated during the early colonial period, and the new Seonwonjeon was completed in 1921.[121]

Jinseolcheong (진설청; 陳設廳; Chinsŏlch'ŏng)
Naechaldang (내찰당; 內察堂; Naech'aldang)
Uipunggak (의풍각; 儀豊閣; Ŭip'unggak)

A warehouse building. It was constructed during the colonial period to store the possessions of the royal household.[122] The area it now occupies was formerly used for facilities for queen dowagers.[123]

Yangjidang (양지당; 養志堂; Yangjidang)

Where the king would stay before rituals at Seonwonjeon.[124]

Yeonguisa (영의사; 永依舍; Yŏngŭisa)

New Seonwonjeon area

[edit]
Photo Structure
New Seonwonjeon (신선원전; 新璿源殿; Sinsŏnwŏnjŏn)

Completed in 1921 and took over the function of the previous Seonwonjeon. Previously, the building Daebodan (대보단; 大報壇; Taebodan) occupied this site. The New Seonwonjeon is the last portrait hall to be constructed in Korea.[125] Most of the portraits stored here were destroyed in the 1954 Busan Yongdusan fires.[126][127]

Uihyojeon (의효전; 懿孝殿; Ŭihyojŏn)

An annex building to the New Seonwonjeon.[126]

Jaesil (재실; 齋室; Chaesil)

An office building and annex to the New Seonwonjeon.[126]

Other

[edit]
Photo Structure
Bincheong (빈청; 賓廳; Pinch'ŏng)
Mongdapjeong (몽답정; 夢踏亭; Mongdapchŏng; lit. Dream Walking Pavilion[128])

A pavilion. Named for a dream King Sukjong had about the pavilion.[128]

Gwaegungjeong (괘궁정; 挂弓亭; Kwaegungjŏng; lit. Firing an Arrow Pavilion[129])

A pavilion used for practicing archery.[129]

Geumcheon and Geumcheongyo

[edit]

Geumcheon (금천; 錦川; lit. silky water[130]) is the kŭmch'ŏn [ko] (금천; 禁川; different Hanja but same Hangul spelling) that previously flowed through the palace. Water no longer flows through the stream.[130]

Geumcheongyo (2012)

The Changdeokgung Geumcheongyo [ko] (창덕궁 금천교; 昌德宮 錦川橋) is a kŭmch'ŏn'gyo (bridge over a kŭmch'ŏn) that crosses over Geumcheon. It was constructed by in 1411 and is the oldest extant kŭmch'ŏn'gyŏ of all Joseon palaces.[130][131] It has two arches. It has a number of stone statues of mythological creatures. On its northern baluster is a statue of the Black Turtle-Snake, mythological guardian of the north. The statue on the south baluster is the Bai Ze, guardian of the south. On each of the bridge's four newels is a statue of a Xiezhi. The bridge also has engravings of a dokkaebi (Korean goblin) called nati on both sides.[132]

[edit]
  • Daejojeon
    Daejojeon
  • Gyeonghungak was an attached two-story building of Daejojeon Hall of Changdeokgung. The first story was Gyeonghungak. and the second story was Jinggwangru.
    Gyeonghungak was an attached two-story building of Daejojeon Hall of Changdeokgung. The first story was Gyeonghungak. and the second story was Jinggwangru.
  • Huijeongdang
    Huijeongdang
  • Huijeongdang
    Huijeongdang
  • Royal throne in Injeongjeon
    Royal throne in Injeongjeon
  • Juhamnu
    Juhamnu
  • Nakseonjae
    Nakseonjae
  • Ongnyucheon
    Ongnyucheon
  • Seonjeongjeon
    Seonjeongjeon

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Called Igungjosŏngdogam (이궁조성도감; 離宮造成都監).[10]
  2. ^ Initially called Haeonjeong (해온정; 解溫亭; Haeonjŏng), renamed Sindokjae (신독재; 愼獨齋; Sindokchae) in 1414.[12]
  3. ^ 내약방; 內藥房; Naeyakbang; Naeyakpang
  4. ^ 비승각; 丕承閣; Pisŭnggak
  5. ^ 수정전; 壽靜殿; Sujŏngjŏn
  6. ^ Entitled Tonggwŏldohyŏng (동궐도형; 東闕圖形).
  7. ^ The name "Secret Garden" stems from the organization that tended it.[69] The earliest attestation to this name is from 1903. When the palace became a public park during the colonial period, this name grew traction with the public.[69]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The 5 Palaces of Seoul". The Chosun Ilbo. 24 January 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  2. ^ [서울신문] "일제가 궁궐 이렇게 훼손" 설계도면 첫 공개. Seoul.co.kr (2009-02-27). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
  3. ^ Yi 2015, p. 21.
  4. ^ a b c Yi 2015, pp. 21–22.
  5. ^ 동궐. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  6. ^ a b c 이강근 2007, pp. 36–37.
  7. ^ a b c 임석재 (2019-12-10). 예(禮)로 지은 경복궁: 동양 미학으로 읽다 (in Korean). 인물과사상사. pp. 88–90. ISBN 978-89-5906-551-6.
  8. ^ a b 이강근 et al. 2011, p. 6.
  9. ^ a b c 이강근 et al. 2011, pp. 6–7.
  10. ^ a b c d 이강근 et al. 2011, p. 7.
  11. ^ "이궁이 완성되다. 그 구조와 규모". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean). Vol. 10. National Institute of Korean History. 1405. Retrieved 2025-03-30.
  12. ^ a b 이강근 et al. 2011, pp. 6–8.
  13. ^ a b c 이강근 et al. 2011, p. 9.
  14. ^ 이강근 et al. 2011, pp. 9–10.
  15. ^ 이강근 et al. 2011, pp. 10–11.
  16. ^ 이강근 2007, pp. 40–41.
  17. ^ 이강근 et al. 2011, p. 11.
  18. ^ a b 이강근 et al. 2011, p. 12.
  19. ^ a b 이강근 et al. 2011, pp. 12–13.
  20. ^ 이강근 et al. 2011, pp. 13–14.
  21. ^ Yi 2015, p. 25.
  22. ^ 이강근 et al. 2011, p. 14.
  23. ^ a b 이강근 et al. 2011, p. 15.
  24. ^ a b c d e 이강근 et al. 2011, p. 16.
  25. ^ a b c d 이강근 et al. 2011, p. 18.
  26. ^ 이규철 2007, p. 43.
  27. ^ 이규철 2007, p. 46.
  28. ^ 이규철 2007, p. 54.
  29. ^ a b c d e 이강근 et al. 2011, p. 20.
  30. ^ Kim, Jinwung (2012). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. pp. 308–309. ISBN 978-0-253-00024-8.
  31. ^ 이규철 (2020). "대한제국 시기 한성부의 근대이행과 황궁의 변화". 대한제국 황제의 궁궐 [Imperial Palace of the Daehan Empire] (in Korean). 문화재청 궁능유적본부 덕수궁관리소. pp. 168–169. ISBN 978-89-299-1925-2.
  32. ^ WH Committee: Report of the 21st Session, Naples 1997. Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
  33. ^ a b Yi 2015, pp. 13–14.
  34. ^ a b Yi 2015, pp. 29–30.
  35. ^ Yi 2015, p. 29.
  36. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 32–33.
  37. ^ Yi 2015, p. 33.
  38. ^ "왕조의 상징, 궁궐". 한국문화사 (in Korean). Vol. 23. 국사편찬위원회. 2008-12-22. p. 161. ISBN 9-788900-25440-2.
  39. ^ 외전. Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  40. ^ a b Yi 2015, p. 91.
  41. ^ Yi 2015, p. 109.
  42. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 83–85.
  43. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 91–95.
  44. ^ Yi 2015, p. 119.
  45. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 119–120.
  46. ^ 이강근 et al. 2011, p. 13.
  47. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 121–122.
  48. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 49–50.
  49. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 58–59.
  50. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 73–74.
  51. ^ Yi 2015, p. 66.
  52. ^ "내조". Korea University Korean Dictionary (in Korean). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  53. ^ "내전". Standard Korean Language Dictionary (in Korean). National Institute of Korean Language.
  54. ^ a b Yi 2015, p. 145.
  55. ^ Yi 2015, p. 154.
  56. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 154–155.
  57. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 156–157.
  58. ^ Yi 2015, p. 160.
  59. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 162–163.
  60. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 162–164.
  61. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 166–167.
  62. ^ 김지영 2022, p. 164.
  63. ^ a b Yi 2015, p. 179.
  64. ^ a b 김지영 2022, pp. 164–166.
  65. ^ a b Yi 2015, pp. 185–186.
  66. ^ 김지영 2022, p. 167.
  67. ^ a b c Yi 2015, pp. 189–190.
  68. ^ 김지영 2022, p. 167–169.
  69. ^ a b Yi 2015, p. 245.
  70. ^ 김지영 2022, p. 172.
  71. ^ 김지영 2022, p. 174.
  72. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 248–249.
  73. ^ Yi 2015, p. 249.
  74. ^ a b c Yi 2015, pp. 258–259.
  75. ^ "창덕궁 부용정" [Buyongjeong Pavilion of Changdeokgung Palace]. Korea Heritage Service (in Korean).
  76. ^ 김, 왕직, "창덕궁 부용정 (昌德宮 芙蓉亭)", 한국민족문화대백과사전 [Encyclopedia of Korean Culture] (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2025-03-28
  77. ^ Yi 2015, p. 274.
  78. ^ a b Yi 2015, pp. 269–270.
  79. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 54–56.
  80. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 284–285.
  81. ^ 정, 재훈, "창덕궁 후원 (昌德宮 後苑)", 한국민족문화대백과사전 [Encyclopedia of Korean Culture] (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2025-03-29
  82. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 285–286.
  83. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 286–287.
  84. ^ a b Yi 2015, p. 313.
  85. ^ Yi 2015, p. 320.
  86. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 316–318.
  87. ^ a b Yi 2015, pp. 320–322.
  88. ^ a b Yi 2015, pp. 330–331.
  89. ^ Yi 2015, p. 332.
  90. ^ Yi 2015, p. 365.
  91. ^ 장, 현희 (2015). "태초의 원기를 담고 있는, 창덕궁 태극정". ncms.nculture.org (in Korean). Retrieved 2025-03-29.
  92. ^ Yi 2015, p. 374.
  93. ^ Yi 2015, p. 369.
  94. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 369–370.
  95. ^ Yi 2015, p. 378.
  96. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 378–380.
  97. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 374–375.
  98. ^ a b Yi 2015, pp. 367–368.
  99. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 381–382.
  100. ^ Yi 2015, p. 295.
  101. ^ 김, 문석 (2009-10-16). "[포토뉴스]창덕궁의 가을". 경향신문 (in Korean). Retrieved 2025-03-29.
  102. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 295–296.
  103. ^ a b Yi 2015, p. 303.
  104. ^ Yi 2015, p. 307.
  105. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 351–352.
  106. ^ a b Yi 2015, p. 348.
  107. ^ a b Yi 2015, p. 358.
  108. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 342–343.
  109. ^ Yi 2015, p. 345.
  110. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 198–202.
  111. ^ a b c d 이강근 et al. 2011, p. 17.
  112. ^ a b Yi 2015, p. 237.
  113. ^ a b Yi 2015, p. 211.
  114. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 235–237.
  115. ^ a b c Yi 2015, p. 217.
  116. ^ 김지영 2022, p. 171.
  117. ^ Yi 2015, p. 229.
  118. ^ Yi 2015, p. 232.
  119. ^ Yi 2015, p. 233.
  120. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 67–68.
  121. ^ a b Yi 2015, p. 389.
  122. ^ Yi 2015, p. 63.
  123. ^ Yi 2015, p. 64.
  124. ^ Yi 2015, p. 68.
  125. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 389–391.
  126. ^ a b c Yi 2015, p. 391.
  127. ^ 김석 (24 June 2020). 화마에 쓸려간 '왕의 얼굴'…전쟁이 남긴 상처. KBS News (in Korean). Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  128. ^ a b Yi 2015, p. 397.
  129. ^ a b Yi 2015, p. 393.
  130. ^ a b c Yi 2015, pp. 40–41.
  131. ^ 창덕궁 금천교 (昌德宮 錦川橋). Korea Heritage Service (in Korean). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  132. ^ Yi 2015, pp. 40–42.

Sources

[edit]

In Korean

[edit]

In English

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changdeokgung&oldid=1283650796"